1994

1993-1995

Vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy was first approved in Europe in 1994 and in the United States (US) in 1997.

Vicari in 1994 ¹⁾ and Drs. Barone and Jimenez in 1998 ²⁾ introduced endoscopic-assisted craniosynostosis surgery followed by application of a molding helmet.

Magnetic resonance (MR) thermography, was introduced in 1994 – this could monitor the extent of ablation and tissue damage.

Before the general use of post-operative scanning, intraoperative estimation by the neurosurgeon was used to determine partial resection, subtotal resection, or total resection. The only study that compared this estimation with the presence of residual tumor mass on an MR image, dates back to 1994 ³⁾.

The Charité artificial disc went through revisions over 6 years, resulting in the SB Charité III, and the first clinical experience was published in 1994 using the final version of the SB Charité III (DePuy Spine Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts) ⁴⁾.

In 1994 Dubousset ⁵⁾ described the concept of “cone of economy” which is a range of spinal alignment in which a minimum of muscle activity is required to maintain balance.

The strategy of convection-enhanced delivery was developed by Bobo et al. to deliver drugs directly into tumors and surrounding brain through the interstitial space ⁶⁾.

Yasargil in 1994. in the book Microneurosurgery, Volume IVA, CNS Tumors: Surgical Anatomy, Neuropathology, Neuroradiology, Neurophysiology, Clinical Considerations, Operability, Treatment Options classified tumors on purely anatomical-morphological criteria and follows a dichotomic centrifugal principle: the lobar white matter sector (IV) divides into gyral sectors (III), followed by subgyral (II) and subcortical (I) white matter sectors and the cortex (0). The fibers of the internal, external and extreme capsule form the central white matter sector (V). They usually do not show an independent lobar sector, but rather share it with the adjacent lobe and usually have no separate subgyral sector. The respective classification of tumors is based on the deepest white matter sector involved ⁷⁾. In July 1994 Ali Krisht joined Ossama Al Mefty and Yasargil as staff of the Department of Neurosurgery, at the University of Arkansas.

Komiyama first introduced MMA embolization as a treatment option for recurrent cSDH in 1994 ⁸⁾

¹⁾

Vicari F Endoscopic correction of sagittal craniosynostosis Paper presented at: Meeting of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons; September 25–28, 1994; San Diego, CA

²⁾

Jimenez DF, Barone CM. Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg. 1998 Jan;88(1):77-81. PubMed PMID: 9420076.

³⁾

Albert FK, Forsting M, Sartor K, Adams HP, Kunze S (1994) Early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging after resection of malignant glioma: objective evaluation of residual tumor and its influence on regrowth and prognosis. Neurosurgery 34:45–60 discussion 60- 41

⁴⁾

Griffith SL, Shelokov AP, Büttner-Janz K, LeMaire JP, Zeegers WS. A multicenter retrospective study of the clinical results of the LINK SB Charité intervertebral prosthesis. The initial European experience. Spine. 1994;19(16):1842- 1849.

⁵⁾

Dubousset J, Weinstein SL. Three-dimensional anal- ysis of the scoliotic deformity. In: The pediatric spine: Principles and practice. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994:479–496

⁶⁾

Bobo RH, Laske DW, Akbasak A, Morrison PF, Dedrick RL, Oldfield EH. Convection-enhanced delivery of macromolecules in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Mar 15;91(6):2076-80. PubMed PMID: 8134351; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC43312.

⁷⁾

Yasargil M.G. 1994. Microneurosurgery, Volume IVA, CNS Tumors: Surgical Anatomy, Neuropathology, Neuroradiology, Neurophysiology, Clinical Considerations, Operability, Treatment Options.

⁸⁾

Komiyama M, Yasui T, Tamura K, Nagata Y, Fu Y, Yagura H. Chronic subdural hematoma associated with middle meningeal arteriovenous fistula treated by a combination of embolization and burr hole drainage. Surg Neurol. 1994 Oct;42(4):316-9. doi: 10.1016/0090-3019(94)90400-6. PMID: 7974127.