antibiotic [Operative Neurosurgery]

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====== Antibiotic ======

An antimicrobial or antibiotic is an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth.


====Examples====

[[Cephalosporin]]

[[Linezolid]]

[[Sulfamethoxazole]]

[[Tetracycline]]

[[Vancomycin]]...

===== Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis =====

see [[Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis]].


===== Intraventricular antibiotic =====

[[Intraventricular antibiotic]].

===== Prolonged Antibiotic Use =====

see [[Ventriculostomy related infection prevention]].
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Prolonged [[antibiotic prophylaxis]], while the [[EVD]] is in place, does not decrease the [[risk]] of [[infection]] and
may select for resistant organisms. However, one dose pre-procedure antimicrobial may be administered.
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Prophylactic systemic antibiotics, while drains are in place, are frequently used to reduce [[surgical site infection]] rate (SSIR), though the practice remains controversial.
Pivazyan et al. demonstrated a two-fold reduction of SSI with the implementation of the PPSA regimen. This benefit was demonstrated separately for both cervical and lumbar regions. Randomized trials and increase sample size are warranted to elucidate the significance of PPSA in posterior spinal surgery. Level of evidence: 3
((Pivazyan G, Mualem W, D'Antuono MR, Dowlati E, Nair N, Mueller KB. The utility of prolonged prophylactic systemic antibiotics (PPSA) for subfascial drains after degenerative spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021 Mar 11. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004031. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33710111.)).

For Abola et al. there was no difference in the rate of surgical site infections between patients who received 24 hours of postoperative antibiotics and those who did not. Additionally, they found no observable risks, such as more antibiotic-resistant infections and C. difficile infections, with prolonged antibiotic use
((Abola MV, Lin CC, Lin LJ, Schreiber-Stainthorp W, Frempong-Boadu A, Buckland AJ, Protopsaltis TS. Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics in Spine Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2021 Feb 3;103(3):219-226. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00934. PMID: 33315695.)).
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Prolonged [[antibiotic]]s in [[neonate]]s with negative [[blood culture]] were associated with significantly longer hospital [[length of stay]] and increased total [[cost]] of [[hospitalization]]
((Sourour W, Sanchez V, Sourour M, Burdine J, Lien ER, Nguyen D, Jain SK. The Association between Prolonged Antibiotic Use in Culture Negative Infants and Length of Hospital Stay and Total Hospital Costs. Am J Perinatol. 2021 May 11. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1729560. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33975363.)).

===== Antibiotic impregnated catheter =====

[[Antibiotic impregnated catheter]].

===== Antibiotics for Brain Abscess =====


see [[Antibiotics for Brain Abscess]].