Brain metastases
see also Intracranial metastases
Epidemiology
Brain Metastases Epidemiology.
Scales
Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Brain Metastases (RANO-BM)
Trials
Despite the frequency of brain metastases, prospective trials in this patient population are limited, and the criteria used to assess response and progression in the CNS are heterogeneous 1).
This heterogeneity largely stems from the recognition that existing criteria sets, such as RECIST 2) 3).
Types
Brain metastases from cancer of unknown primary site.
From different cancers.
For example:
Bladder cancer intracranial metastases.
Brain metastases from ovarian cancer.
Brain Metastases from Endometrial Cancer.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) infrequently causes brain metastases (BM) (1.2%) 4).
see Lung cancer intracranial metastases.
see Multiple brain metastases.
Distribution
The majority of brain metastases originate from primary cancers in the lung (40–50%) or breast (15–25%), or from melanoma (5–20%) 5)
They are common in elderly population and mostly due to primary lung. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology of primary. Majority of lesions has been observed at parietal lobe 6).
Genes involved
Whether brain metastases harbor distinct genetic alterations beyond those observed in primary tumors is unknown.
Brastianos et al. detected alterations associated with sensitivity to PI3K/AKT/mTOR, CDK, and HER2/EGFR inhibitors in the brain metastases. Genomic analysis of brain metastases provides an opportunity to identify potentially clinically informative alterations not detected in clinically sampled primary tumors, regional lymph nodes, or extracranial metastases 7).
COX2
HBEGF
ST6GALNAC5
HK2
FOXC1
HER2
VEGFA
LEF1
CDH2, KIFC1, and FALZ3
STAT3
αvβ3
HDAC3, JAG2, NUMB, APH1B, HES4, and PSEN1
Clinical Features
see Brain metastases Clinical Features.
Diagnosis
see Brain metastases diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
see Brain metastases differential diagnosis.
Management
The management of patients with brain metastases has become a major issue due to the increasing frequency and complexity of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In 2014, the European Association of NeuroOncology (EANO) created a multidisciplinary Task Force to draw evidence-based guidelines for patients with brain metastases from solid tumors. Soffietti et al. present these guidelines, which provide a consensus review of evidence and recommendations for diagnosis by neuroimaging and neuropathology, staging, prognostic factors, and different treatment options. Specifically, they addressed options such as surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy, whole-brain radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (with particular attention to brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma and breast and renal cancer), and supportive care 8).
Treatment
see Brain metastases treatment.
Outcome
Recurrence
see Brain metastases recurrence.
Case series
see Brain metastases case series.