Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is the presence of thrombosis in the dural venous sinuses.

There are several other terms for the condition, such as cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis, (superior) sagittal sinus thrombosis, dural sinus thrombosis, and intracranial venous thrombosis as well as the older term cerebral thrombophlebitis.

see Dural venous sinus thrombosis.

The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) varies between studies, but it is estimated to be between 2 and 5 per million per year. A recent study in the Netherlands with comprehensive ascertainment suggested a much higher incidence. It is uncertain whether these differing estimates reflect the quality of ascertainment or true variation.

Devasagayam et al., retrospectively identified CVT International Classification of Diseases-coded cases from all Adelaide public hospitals from 2005 to 2011. They also searched all neuroimaging studies (259 101) from these hospitals for text variations containing venous thromb. All potential cases were reviewed, and cases of incident CVT ascertained. Associations and outcomes were determined.

Of 169 possible cases, 105 cases of CVT were confirmed (59 cases by both coding and neuroimaging, 40 from neuroimaging alone, and 6 from coding alone). In a population of 953 390 adults, this represented an incidence of 15.7 million per year (95% confidence interval, 12.9-19.0), the highest incidence reported. Of these cases, a possible procoagulant predisposition was identified in 48%. Fifty-five of 105 cases occurred in females. Relative risk of CVT in females of reproductive age was insignificantly higher than in males (1.18 [95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.48]).

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the study was more common than previously reported, perhaps because of more complete ascertainment. Future CVT incidence studies should include comprehensive capture and review of neuroimaging ¹⁾.

Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is the most common type of dural venous sinus thrombosis and is potentially devastating.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Etiology

see Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Pathogenesis.

see Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Pathophysiology.

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare cerebrovascular accident that can present with headache, seizure, and focal neurological deficits. Approximately 30%-40% of patients with CVT also present with intracranial hemorrhage.

Given that there is usually an underlying cause for the disease, tests may be performed to look for these.

see Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis diagnosis.

see Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis treatment.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis outcome.

Devasagayam et al., retrospectively identified CVT International Classification of Diseases-coded cases from all Adelaide public hospitals from 2005 to 2011. They also searched all neuroimaging studies (259 101) from these hospitals for text variations containing venous thromb. All potential cases were reviewed, and cases of incident CVT ascertained. Associations and outcomes were determined.

Of 169 possible cases, 105 cases of CVT were confirmed (59 cases by both coding and neuroimaging, 40 from neuroimaging alone, and 6 from coding alone). In a population of 953 390 adults, this represented an incidence of 15.7 million per year (95% confidence interval, 12.9-19.0), the highest incidence reported. Of these cases, a possible procoagulant predisposition was identified in 48%. Fifty-five of 105 cases occurred in females. Relative risk of CVT in females of reproductive age was insignificantly higher than in males (1.18 [95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.48]).

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the study was more common than previously reported, perhaps because of more complete ascertainment. Future CVT incidence studies should include comprehensive capture and review of neuroimaging ²⁾.

Three consecutive patients treated with heparin who suffered both clinical and radiographic deterioration, and went on to have endovascular therapy. Each patient was successfully recanalized by placing a 0.027-inch microcatheter at the proximal portion of the thrombus and infusing 20 mg of alteplase dissolved in 1 liter of normal saline infused at 100 ml per hour for an infusion of 2 mg of alteplase per hour for ten hours ³⁾.

Monocentric cohort of 41 consecutive CVT admitted in a French ICU tertiary hospital (National Referent Center for CVT). Data collected are as follows: demographic data, clinical course, incidence of craniectomy and/or endovascular procedures and outcome in ICU, after 3 and 12 months.

47 years old (IQ 26-53), with 73.2 % were female, having a SAPS II 41 (32-45), GCS 7 (5-8), and at least one episode of mydriasis in 48.8 %. Thrombosis location was 80.5 % in lateral sinus and 53.7 % in superior sagittal sinus; intracranial hematoma was present in 78.0 %, signs of intracranial hypertension in 60.9 %, cerebral edema in 58.5 % and venous ischemia in 43.9 %. All patients received heparin therapy, and 9 cases had endovascular treatment (21.9 %); osmotherapy (53.7 %) and decompressive craniectomy (16 cases, 39 %) necessary to control intracranial hypertension. Ten patients/41 (24.4 %) died in ICU and 18/31 (58.1 %) were discharged from ICU with outcome 0-3 of mRS. After 12 months, 92 % of survivors (23/25) had a mRS between 0 and 3. The proportion of death was 31.7 % at 1 year.

The large proportion of acceptable outcome in survivors, which continue to functionally improve after 1 year, motivates the hospitalization in ICU for severe CVT. For similar CVT severity, craniectomy did not improve outcome in comparison with the absence of craniectomy ⁴⁾.

In 332 patients with CVT, 33 (10 %) presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage SAH, associated in 11 cases with hemorrhagic infarct or intracerebral hemorrhage.

22 cases of CVT presenting as SAH in the absence of hemorrhagic brain lesion. Diagnosis of sinus thrombosis was established on T2* and magnetic resonance venography and that of CoVT on T2* sequence. Diagnostic of SAH was based on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence.

CVT involved lateral sinus in 18 patients, superior sagittal sinus in 16, and straight sinus in 1. Cortical veins were involved in all patients, in continuity with dural sinus thrombosis when present. SAH was circumscribed to few sulci in all cases and mainly localized at the convexity (21 cases). CoVT implied different areas on the same side in four patients and was bilateral in seven. There was no perimesencephalic or basal cisterns hemorrhage. Cortical swelling was present in 12 cases, associated with localized edema. All patients except one had a favorable outcome.

This report shows that the incidence of CVT presenting as isolated SAH is evaluated to 6.4 % and that SAH is, in all cases, in the vicinity of CoVT and when dural thrombosis is present in continuity with it ⁵⁾.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis case reports.