Surgical endoscopy revolutionized the management of disease in nearly every surgical field.
Endoscopy offered several advantages for the surgical management. However, it had a distinct disadvantage compared to direct vision, namely loss of binocular vision.
Two-dimensional (2D) endoscopy limited depth perception, widely regarded as an important parameter for accurate and efficient movements during surgery.
Three dimensional endoscopy has been actively pursued for decades by endoscopic surgeons in multiple surgical specialties. However, its clinical role has been limited due to technical limitations as well as successful adaptation by endoscopic surgeons to monocular cues offered by 2D technology.