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--- exercise [2018/06/09 10:54] – [Exercise] administrador
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+====== Exercise ======
+Cardiovascular exercise (CVE) is associated with healthy aging and reduced risk of disease in humans, with similar benefits seen in animals. Most rodent studies, however, have used shorter intervention periods of a few weeks to a few months, begging questions as to the effects of longer-term, or even life-long exercise. Additionally, most animal studies have utilized a single exercise treatment group - usually unlimited running wheel access - resulting in large volumes of exercise that are not clinically relevant. It is therefore incumbent to determine the physiological and cognitive/behavioral effects of a range of exercise intensities and volumes over a long-term period that model a lifelong commitment to CVE. In the current study, C57/Bl6 mice remained sedentary or were allowed either 1, 3, or 12 h of access to a running wheel per day, 5 days/weeks, beginning at 3.5-4 months of age. Following an eight-month intervention period, animals were tested in a behavioral battery, then euthanized and blood and tissue were collected. Longer access to a running wheel resulted in greater volume and higher running speed, but more breaks in running. All exercise groups showed similarly reduced body weight, increased muscle mass, improved motor function on the rotarod, and reduced anxiety in the open field. While all exercise groups showed increased food intake, this was greatest in the 12 h group but did not differ between 1 h and 3 h mice. While exercise dose-dependently increased working memory performance in the y-maze, the 1 h and 12 h groups showed the largest changes in the mass of many organs, as well as alterations in several behaviors including social interaction, novel object recognition, and Barnes maze performance. These findings suggest that long-term exercise has widespread effects on physiology, behavior, and cognition, which vary by "dose" and measure, and that even relatively small amounts of daily exercise can provide benefits
+((Robison LS, Popescu DL, Anderson ME, Beigelman SI, Fitzgerald SM, Kuzmina AE,
+Lituma DA, Subzwari S, Michaelos M, Anderson BJ, Van Nostrand WE, Robinson JK.
+The effects of volume versus intensity of long-term voluntary exercise on
+physiology and behavior in C57/Bl6 mice. Physiol Behav. 2018 Jun 4. pii:
+S0031-9384(18)30297-X. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.002. [Epub ahead of print]
+PubMed PMID: 29879399.
+)).
+----
+Exercise, [[diet]], and personal [[fitness]] programs are essentially lacking in modern graduate medical education. In the context of long hours and alternating shift and sleep cycles, the lack of exercise and poor dietary choices may have negative consequences on physician physical and mental health. This opinion piece aims to generate important dialogue regarding the scope of the problem, the literature supporting the health benefits of exercise, potential solutions to enhancing diet and exercise among resident trainees, and possible pitfalls to the adoption of exercise programs within graduate medical education
+((Fargen KM, Spiotta AM, Turner RD, Patel S. The Importance of Exercise in the
+Well-Rounded Physician: Dialogue for the Inclusion of a Physical Fitness Program
+in Neurosurgery Resident Training. World Neurosurg. 2016 Jun;90:380-384. doi:
+.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.024. Epub 2016 Mar 19. PubMed PMID: 27001240.
+)).
+Most studies evaluating the exercise habits of [[resident]] physicians have demonstrated a significant
+reduction in exercise during graduate medical education compared with medical school
+((Levey RE. Sources of stress for residents and recommendations for programs to
+assist them. Acad Med. 2001;76(2):142-150.))
+((Suskin N, Ryan G, Fardy J, Clarke H, McKelvie R. Clinical workload decreases the
+level of aerobic fitness in housestaff physicians. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1998;18(3):
+-220.))
+((Williams AS, Williams CD, Cronk NJ, Kruse RL, Ringdahl EN, Koopman RJ.
+Understanding the exercise habits of residents and attending physicians: a mixed
+methodology study. Fam Med. 2015;47(2):118-123.))
+((Stanford FC, Durkin MW, Blair SN, Powell CK, Poston MB, Stallworth JR.
+Determining levels of physical activity in attending physicians, resident and fellow
+physicians and medical students in the USA. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(5):360-364.)).
+====Indications====
+===Traumatic brain injury===
+Patients with [[traumatic brain injury]] (TBI) usually have [[mood]] and [[anxiety]] symptoms secondary to their [[brain injury]]. Exercise may be a [[cost effective]] intervention for the regulation of the [[affective]] responses of this population.
+Twelve male patients with [[moderate traumatic brain injury]] or [[severe traumatic brain injury]] [mean age of 31.83 and SD of 9.53] and 12 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers [mean age of 30.58 and SD of 9.53] participated in two sessions of exercise of high and moderate-intensity. Anxiety and mood was evaluated, and subjective assessment of experience pre- and post-exercise was assessed. A mixed between and within-subjects general linear model (GLM) analysis was conducted to compare groups [TBI, control] over condition [baseline, session 1, session 2] allowing for group by condition interaction to be determined. Planned comparisons were also conducted to test study hypotheses.
+Although no group by condition interaction was observed, planned comparisons indicated that baseline differences between patients and controls in anxiety (Cohens' d = 1.80), tension (d = 1.31), depression (d = 1.18), anger (d = 1.08), confusion (d = 1.70), psychological distress (d = 1.28), and physical symptoms (d = 1.42) disappear after one session of exercise, independently of the intensity of exercise.
+A single-section of exercise, regardless of exercise intensity, had a positive effect on the affective responses of patients with TBI both by increasing positive valence feelings and decreasing negative ones. Exercise can be an easily accessible intervention that may alleviate depressive symptoms related to brain injury
+((Rzezak P, Caxa L, Santolia P, Antunes HK, Suriano I, Tufik S, de Mello MT.
+Affective responses after different intensities of exercise in patients with
+traumatic brain injury. Front Psychol. 2015 Jun 25;6:839. eCollection 2015.
+PubMed PMID: 26161074.
+)).
+===Stroke===
+Exercise preconditioning has been widely accepted as a being of safe and effective preventive measure for stroke.
+The numbers of both the HSP20-containing neurons and the HSP20-containing glia inversely correlated with the outcomes of ischemic stroke. In addition, preischemic treadmill exercise improves outcomes of ischemic stroke by increasing the numbers of both the HSP20-containing neurons and the HSP20-containing glia
+((Lin CM, Chang CK, Chang CP, Hsu YC, Lin MT, Lin JW. Protecting against
+ischemic stroke in rats by HSP 20-mediated exercise. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Oct
+. doi: 10.1111/eci.12551. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 26479875.
+)).
+===Lumbar disc herniation===
+Core stabilization [[exercise]] training performed on land or in water both could be beneficial in LDH patients and there is no difference between the environments. Implications for Rehabilitation An 8-week core stabilization program performed in water or on land decrease pain level and improve functional status in LDH patients. Both programs seem beneficial to increase health-related quality of life and static endurance of trunk muscles. Core stability exercises could be performed in water as well, no differences were found between methods due to environment
+((Bayraktar D, Guclu-Gunduz A, Lambeck J, Yazici G, Aykol S, Demirci H. A
+comparison of water-based and land-based core stability exercises in patients
+with lumbar disc herniation: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil. 2016
+Jun;38(12):1163-71. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1075608. Epub 2015 Sep 2. PubMed
+PMID: 26328542.
+)).
+===== Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain Treatment =====
+[[Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain Treatment]]