glioblastoma_pathology

Glioblastoma Pathology

Histological features of Glioblastoma include marked hypercellularity, nuclear atypia, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. The tumor shows palisading of tumor cells around necrotic foci; in addition, Glioblastoma harbors cancer stem cells (CSCs). Although histological analysis remains essential in the diagnosis of gliomas, recent discoveries especially in the field of genetics strongly improved our understanding of these tumors. In addition to the mutational status of IDH1/2 and enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes, such as the production of redox species and epigenetic mechanisms, and DNA repair 1) 2) 3) 4).

Abnormal vascularity

Glioblastoma is characterized by heterogeneous and abnormal vascularity. Subtypes of vascular habitats within the tumor and edema can be distinguished: high angiogenic tumor (HAT), low angiogenic tumor (LAT), infiltrated peripheral edema (IPE), and peripheral vasogenic edema (VPE).

1)
Lu C., Ward P.S., Kapoor G.S., Rohle D., Turcan S., Abdel-Wahab O., Edwards C.R., Khanin R., Figueroa M.E., Melnick A., et al. IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a block to cell differentiation. Nature. 2012;483:474–478. doi: 10.1038/nature10860.
2)
Molenaar R.J., Maciejewski J.P., Wilmink J.W., van Noorden C.J.F. Wild-type and mutated IDH1/2 enzymes and therapy responses. Oncogene. 2018;37:1949–1960. doi: 10.1038/s41388-017-0077-z.
3)
Turcan S., Rohle D., Goenka A., Walsh L.A., Fang F., Yilmaz E., Campos C., Fabius A.W., Lu C., Ward P.S., et al. IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype. Nature. 2012;483:479–483. doi: 10.1038/nature10866.
4)
Wesseling P., Capper D. WHO 2016 Classification of gliomas. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2018;44:139–150. doi: 10.1111/nan.12432.
  • glioblastoma_pathology.txt
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