Rhizotomy

see Dorsal Rhizotomy.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses thermal energy to destroy tissue surrounding an electrode, resulting in coagulative necrosis of tissue from high temperatures. Optimal tissue destruction occurs between 50 – 90°C ¹⁾.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been well established for the treatment of metastases to the liver and kidneys ^{2) 3) 4)}, and within the past few years has been increasingly utilized in management of osseous metastases. In the spine, this treatment has traditionally been limited to lesions within the anterior vertebral body since this location is more accessible and further away from sensitive neural elements ⁵⁾.

Plasma mediated RFA, the most reported method of tumor ablation within the spine, employs radiofrequency energy to excite electrolytes and create a plasma field that results in the disruption of molecular bonds at relatively low temperatures (40 to 70 degrees Celsius) ^{6) 7)}.

The radius of the ablation zone is dependent on the tissue temperature and time the tissue is maintained at that temperature. Accurate temperature measurements are critical to ensure proper tumor kill and also minimize unintended tissue destruction. In the short term, thermal destruction of pain sensitive nerve fibers ceases transmission of pain signals. Tumor cell necrosis has also been implicated in decreasing the cytokine mediated pain pathways involving interleukins and tumor necrosis factor. RFA also delays tumor progression to the sensitive periosteum ^{8) 9)}.

see STAR system

see Radiofrequency rhizotomy.

Lumbar radiofrequency ablation

RFA and vertebroplasty (VP) can be successfully combined with iCT (intraoperative computed tomography)-based navigation, which leads to a reduction of radiation to the staff and optimal probe positioning due to 3D navigation ¹⁰⁾.