Syncope
Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness usually related to insufficient blood flow to the brain. It's also called fainting or “passing out.”
Etiology
It most often occurs when blood pressure is too low (hypotension) and the heart doesn't pump enough oxygen to the brain.
Some common causes of syncope in pediatric age include:
Vasovagal syncope: This is the most frequent cause of syncope in children. It happens when there's a temporary drop in heart rate and blood pressure, often triggered by factors like pain, fear, standing for prolonged periods, or intense emotions.
Orthostatic hypotension: It occurs when a child's blood pressure drops significantly upon standing, leading to fainting. This may be due to dehydration, certain medications, or various medical conditions.
Heart-related issues: While less common, some heart-related conditions can cause syncope in children, such as arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms), structural heart defects, or other cardiac conditions.
Neurological conditions: Certain neurological disorders or seizures can lead to syncope or fainting in pediatric patients.
Hyperventilation: Rapid and deep breathing can alter blood gas levels and potentially cause fainting.
Dehydration: Severe dehydration can lower blood volume and trigger syncope.
Anemia: In cases of severe anemia, there might not be enough red blood cells to carry oxygen, leading to fainting.
Infections: In some instances, severe infections can lead to syncope.